[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":718},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/whats-new-in-git-2-45-0/":3,"navigation-en-us":35,"banner-en-us":463,"footer-en-us":480,"Patrick Steinhardt":690,"next-steps-en-us":703},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"seo":8,"content":16,"config":25,"_id":28,"_type":29,"title":30,"_source":31,"_file":32,"_stem":33,"_extension":34},"/en-us/blog/whats-new-in-git-2-45-0","blog",false,"",{"title":9,"description":10,"ogTitle":9,"ogDescription":10,"noIndex":6,"ogImage":11,"ogUrl":12,"ogSiteName":13,"ogType":14,"canonicalUrls":12,"schema":15},"What’s new in Git 2.45.0?","Here are some highlights of contributions from GitLab's Git team and the wider Git community to the latest Git release, including reftables and better tooling for references.\n","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749659507/Blog/Hero%20Images/AdobeStock_623844718.jpg","https://about.gitlab.com/blog/whats-new-in-git-2-45-0","https://about.gitlab.com","article","\n                        {\n        \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n        \"@type\": \"Article\",\n        \"headline\": \"What’s new in Git 2.45.0?\",\n        \"author\": [{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Patrick Steinhardt\"}],\n        \"datePublished\": \"2024-04-30\",\n      }",{"title":9,"description":10,"authors":17,"heroImage":11,"date":19,"body":20,"category":21,"tags":22},[18],"Patrick Steinhardt","2024-04-30","The Git project recently released [Git Version\n2.45.0](https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqq8r0ww0sj.fsf@gitster.g/). Let's look\nat the highlights of this release, which includes contributions from\nGitLab's Git team and the wider Git community.\n\n\n## Reftables: A new backend for storing references\n\n\nEvery Git repository needs to track two basic data structures:\n\n- The object graph that stores the data of your files, the directory\nstructure, commit messages, and tags.\n\n- References that are pointers into that object graph to associate specific\nobjects with a more accessible name. For example, a branch is a reference\nwhose name starts with a `refs/heads/` prefix.\n\n\nThe on-disk format of how references are stored in a repository has remained\nlargely unchanged since Git’s inception and is referred to as  the \"files\"\nformat. Whenever you create a reference, Git creates a so-called \"loose\nreference\" that is a plain file in your Git repository whose path matches\nthe ref name. For example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git init .\n\nInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/repo/.git/\n\n\n# Updating a reference will cause Git to create a \"loose ref\". This loose\nref is\n\n# a simple file which contains the object ID of the commit.\n\n$ git commit --allow-empty --message \"Initial commit\"\n\n[main (root-commit) c70f266] Initial commit\n\n$ cat .git/refs/heads/main\n\nc70f26689975782739ef9666af079535b12b5946\n\n\n# Creating a second reference will end up with a second loose ref.\n\n$ git branch feature\n\n$ cat .git/refs/heads/feature\n\nc70f26689975782739ef9666af079535b12b5946\n\n$ tree .git/refs\n\n.git/refs/\n\n├── heads\n\n│   ├── feature\n\n│   └── main\n\n└── tags\n\n\n3 directories, 2 files\n\n```\n\n\nEvery once in a while, Git packs those references into a \"packed\"\n\nfile format so that it becomes more efficient to look up references. For\nexample:\n\n\n```shell\n\n# Packing references will create \"packed\" references, which are a sorted\nlist of\n\n# references. The loose reference does not exist anymore.\n\n$ git pack-refs --all\n\n$ cat .git/refs/heads/main\n\ncat: .git/refs/heads/main: No such file or directory\n\n$ cat .git/packed-refs\n\n# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled sorted\n\nc70f26689975782739ef9666af079535b12b5946 refs/heads/feature\n\nc70f26689975782739ef9666af079535b12b5946 refs/heads/main\n\n```\n\n\nWhile this format is rather simple, it has limitations:\n\n- In large mono repos with many references, we started to hit scalability\nissues. Deleting references is especially inefficient because the entire\n“packed-refs” file must be rewritten to drop the deleted reference. In our\nlargest repositories, this can lead to rewriting multiple gigabytes of data\non every reference deletion.\n\n- It is impossible to perform an atomic read of references without blocking\nconcurrent writers because you have to read multiple files to figure out all\nreferences.\n\n- It is impossible to perform an atomic write because it requires you to\ncreate or update multiple files, which cannot be done in a single step.\n\n- Housekeeping of references does not scale well because you have to rewrite\nthe full \"packed-refs\" file.\n\n- Because loose references use the filesystem path as their name, they are\nsubject to filesystem-specific behavior. For example, case-insensitive file\nsystems cannot store references for which only the case differs.\n\n\nTo address these issues, Git v2.45.0 introduces a new \"reftable\" backend,\nwhich uses a new binary format to store references. This new backend has\nbeen in development for a very long time. It was initially proposed by\n[Shawn Pearce](https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2018/jan/30/shawn-pearce/) in\nJuly 2017 and was initially implemented in\n[JGit](https://www.eclipse.org/jgit/). It is used extensively by the [Gerrit\nproject](https://www.gerritcodereview.com/). In 2021, [Han-Wen\nNienhuys](https://hanwen.home.xs4all.nl/) upstreamed the library into Git\nthat allows it to read and write the [reftable\nformat](https://git-scm.com/docs/reftable).\n\n\nThe new \"reftable\" backend that we upstreamed in Git v2.45.0 now finally\nbrings together the reftable library and Git such that it is possible to use\nthe new format as storage backend in your Git repositories.\n\n\nAssuming that you run at least Git v2.45.0, you can create new repositories\nwith the \"reftable\" format by passing the `--ref-format=reftable` switch to\neither `git-init(1)` or `git-clone(1)`. For example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git init --ref-format=reftable .\n\nInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/repo/.git/\n\n$ git rev-parse --show-ref-format\n\nreftable\n\n$ find -type f .git/reftable/\n\n.git/reftable/0x000000000001-0x000000000001-01b5e47d.ref\n\n.git/reftable/tables.list\n\n\n$ git commit --allow-empty --message \"Initial commit\"\n\n$ find -type f .git/reftable/\n\n.git/reftable/0x000000000001-0x000000000001-01b5e47d.ref\n\n.git/reftable/0x000000000002-0x000000000002-87006b81.ref\n\n.git/reftable/tables.list\n\n```\n\n\nAs you can see, the references are now stored in `.git/reftable` instead of\nin the `.git/refs` directory. The references and the reference logs are\nstored in “tables,” which are the files ending with `.ref`, whereas the\n`tables.list` file contains the list of all tables that are currently\nactive. The technical details of how this work will be explained in a\nseparate blog post. Stay tuned!\n\n\nThe “reftable” backend is supposed to be a  drop-in replacement for the\n“files” backend. Hence, from a user’s perspective, everything should just\nwork the same.\n\n\nThis project was led by [Patrick Steinhardt](https://gitlab.com/pks-gitlab).\nCredit also goes to Shawn Pearce as original inventor of the format and\nHan-Wen Nienhuys as the author of the reftable library.\n\n\n## Better tooling for references\n\n\nWhile the \"reftable\" format solves many of the issues we have, it also\n\nintroduces some new issues. One of the most important issues is\naccessibility of the data it contains.\n\n\nWith the \"files\" backend, you can, in the worst case, use your regular Unix\ntools to inspect the state of references. Both the \"packed\" and the \"loose\"\nreferences contain human-readable data that one can easily make sense of.\nThis is different with the \"reftable\" format, which is a binary format.\nTherefore, Git needs to provide all the necessary tooling to extract data\nfrom the new \"reftable\" format.\n\n\n### Listing all references\n\n\nThe first problem we had is that it is basically impossible to learn about\nall the references that a repository knows about. This is somewhat puzzling\nat first: you can create and modify references via Git, but it cannot\nexhaustively list all references that it knows about?\n\n\nIndeed, the \"files\" backend can't. While it can trivially list all \"normal\"\n\nreferences that start with the `refs/` prefix, Git also uses so-called\n\n[pseudo\nrefs](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitglossary#Documentation/gitglossary.txt-aiddefpseudorefapseudoref).\nThese files live directly in the root of the Git directory and would be\nfiles like, for example, `.git/MERGE_HEAD`. The problem here is that those\npseudo refs live next to other files that Git stores like, for example,\n`.git/config`.\n\n\nWhile some pseudo refs are well-known and thus easy to identify, there is\n\nin theory no limit to what references Git can write. Nothing stops you from\n\ncreating a reference called \"foobar\".\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git update-ref foobar HEAD\n\n$ cat .git/foobar\n\nf32633d4d7da32ccc3827e90ecdc10570927c77d\n\n```\n\n\nNow the problem that the \"files\" backend has is that it can only enumerate\n\nreferences by scanning through directories. So to figure out that\n\n`.git/foobar` is in fact a reference, Git would have to open the file and\ncheck whether it is formatted like a reference or not.\n\n\nOn the other hand, the \"reftable\" backend trivially knows about all\nreferences that it contains: They are encoded in its data structures, so all\nit needs to do is to decode those references and return them. But because of\nthe restrictions of the \"files\" backend, there is no tooling that would\nallow you to learn about all references that exist.\n\n\nTo address the issue, we upstreamed a new flag to `git-for-each-ref(1)`\ncalled `--include-root-refs`, which will cause it to also list all\nreferences that exist in the root of the reference naming hierarchy. For\nexample:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git for-each-ref --include-root-refs\n\nf32633d4d7da32ccc3827e90ecdc10570927c77d commit    HEAD\n\nf32633d4d7da32ccc3827e90ecdc10570927c77d commit    MERGE_HEAD\n\nf32633d4d7da32ccc3827e90ecdc10570927c77d commit    refs/heads/main\n\n```\n\n\nFor the \"files\" backend, this new flag is handled on a best-effort basis\nwhere we include all references that match a known pseudo ref name. For the\n\"reftable\" backend, we can simply list all references known to it.\n\n\nThis project was led by [Karthik Nayak](https://gitlab.com/knayakgl).\n\n\n### Listing all reflogs\n\n\nWhenever you update branches, Git, by default, tracks those branch updates\nin a so-called reflog. This reflog allows you to roll back changes to that\nbranch in case you performed an unintended change and can thus be a very\nhelpful tool.\n\n\nWith the \"files\" backend, those logs are stored in your `.git/logs`\ndirectory:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ find -type f .git/logs/\n\n.git/logs/HEAD\n\n.git/logs/refs/heads/main\n\n```\n\n\nIn fact, listing files in this directory is the only way for you to learn\nwhat references actually have a reflog in the first place. This is a problem\nfor the \"reftable\" backend, which stores those logs together with the\nreferences. Consequently, there doesn't exist any way for you to learn about\nwhich reflogs exist in the repository at all anymore when you use the\n\"reftable\" format.\n\n\nThis is not really the fault of the \"reftable\" format though, but an\nomission in the tooling that Git provides. To address the omission, we\nintroduced a new `list` subcommand for `git-reflog(1)` that allows you to\nlist all existing reflogs:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git reflog list\n\nHEAD\n\nrefs/heads/main\n\n```\n\n\nThis project was led by [Patrick Steinhardt](https://gitlab.com/pks-gitlab).\n\n\n### More efficient packing of references\n\n\nTo stay efficient, Git repositories need regular maintenance. Usually,\n\nthis maintenance is triggered by various Git commands that write data into\nthe Git repositories by executing `git maintenance run --auto`. This\ncommand \n\nonly optimizes data structures that actually need to be optimized so that\nGit doesn’t waste compute resources.\n\n\nOne data structure that gets optimized by Git's maintenance is the reference\n\ndatabase, which is done by executing `git pack-refs --all`. For the \"files\"\n\nbackend, this means that all references get repacked into the \"packed-refs\"\nfile and the loose references get deleted, whereas for the \"reftable\"\nbackend all the tables will get merged into a single table.\n\n\nFor the \"files\" backend, we cannot reasonably do much better. Given that we\nhave to rewrite the whole \"packed-refs\" file anyway, it makes sense that we\nwould want to pack _all_ loose references.\n\n\nBut for the \"reftable\" backend this is suboptimal as the \"reftable\" backend\nis self-optimizing. Whenever Git appends a new table to the \"reftable\"\nbackend, it will perform auto-compaction and merge tables together as\nneeded. Consequently, the reference database should always be in a\nwell-optimized state and thus merging all tables together is a wasted\neffort.\n\n\nIn Git v2.45.0, we thus introduced a new `git pack-refs --auto` mode, which\nasks the reference backend to optimize on an as-needed basis. While the\n\"files\" backend continues to work the same even with the `--auto` flag set,\nthe \"reftable\" backend will use the same heuristics as it already uses for\nits auto-compaction. In practice, this should be a no-op in most cases.\n\n\nFurthermore, `git maintenance run --auto` has been adapted to pass the\n`-tauto` flag to `git-pack-refs(1)` to make use of this new mode by default.\n\n\nThis project was led by [Patrick Steinhardt](https://gitlab.com/pks-gitlab).\n\n\n## Read more\n\n\nThis blog post put a heavy focus on the new \"reftable\" backend, which allows\nus to scale better in large repositories with many references, as well as\nrelated tooling that we have introduced alongside it to make it work well.\nThere, of course, have been various performance improvements, bug fixes and\nsmaller features introduced with this Git release by the wider Git\ncommunity, as well. You can learn about these from the [official release\nannouncement](https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqq8r0ww0sj.fsf@gitster.g/) of\nthe Git project.\n\n\n## GitLab's previous Git release contributions\n\n* [GitLab's contributions to Git\n2.44.0](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/gitlabs-contributions-to-git-2-44-0/)\n\n* [GitLab's contributions to Git\n2.43.0](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/the-contributions-we-made-to-the-git-2-43-release/)\n\n* [GitLab's contributions to Git\n2.42.0](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/contributions-to-git-2-42-release/)\n\n* [GitLab's contributions to Git\n2.41.0](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/contributions-to-latest-git-release/)\n","open-source",[23,24],"git","community",{"slug":26,"featured":6,"template":27},"whats-new-in-git-2-45-0","BlogPost","content:en-us:blog:whats-new-in-git-2-45-0.yml","yaml","Whats New In Git 2 45 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